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| 303 |
| | | The emperor Diocletian initiates a sustained persecution of Christians in the Roman empire | |
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| c. 670 |
| | | With the entire middle east under their control, the Arabs make Damascus the capital of the Umayyad caliphate | |
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| c. 700 |
| | | The ancient kingdom of Ghana is the first to be established at the southern end of the Saharan trade routes | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | | A Muslim dynasty is established at Gao, on the Niger | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | | Ife emerges as a powerful kingdom in the equatorial forest of the lower Niger | |
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| c. 1100 |
| | | Greek texts, translated by Arabic scholars in Baghdad, gradually make their way through the Muslim world to Christian Europe | |
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| c. 1200 |
| | | Terracotta heads and figures are buried in graves in the region of Djenné in modern Mali | |
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| c. 1240 |
| | | A warlord, Sundiata, conquers Ghana and establishes the kingdom of Mali | |
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| c. 1250 |
| | | The Yoruba people of Ife create extraordinary sculptures in brass | |
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| c. 1270 |
| | | The Assassins are systematically destroyed by Baybars, the Mameluke sultan of Egypt | |
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